Ivan Shishkin, Rye (1878)

Problems/Graph theoryUnreviewed

Connected subgraphs

by David L.·
35
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Let GG be a connected undirected graph with at least 2 vertices. Show that there exist 2 distinct vertices s1s_{1} and s2s_{2} such that the subgraphs G{s1}G \setminus \{s_{1}\} and G{s2}G \setminus \{s_{2}\} are both connected.
(G{s}G \setminus \{s\} denotes the subgraph obtained from GG by removing the vertex ss together with all its incident edges)

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Solution by David L.

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Let C=s1skC = s_1 \text{--} \dots \text{--} s_k be a path of maximal length that never visits the same vertex twice.
Since GG is connected and has at least 2 vertices, we have s1sks_1 \neq s_k.
Let us show that G{s1}G \setminus \{s_1\} is connected, which by an analogous reasoning will imply that G{sk}G \setminus \{s_k\} is also connected.

Let ss and tt be vertices in G{s1}G \setminus \{s_1\}, and let sts \text{--} \dots \text{--} t be a path connecting them in GG.

  • If the path does not pass through s1s_1, then it still exists in G{s1}G \setminus \{s_1\}.
  • If the path passes through s1s_1, then each passage through s1s_1 is of the form sis1sjs_i \text{--} s_1 \text{--} s_j (with i,j1i, j \neq 1). Indeed, by maximality of CC, all neighbors of s1s_1 are in CC. The path can then be modified to avoid s1s_1 by following CC to go from sis_i to sjs_j, which yields a path in G{s1}G \setminus \{s_1\} connecting ss and tt.
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