Ivan Shishkin, Rye (1878)

Problems/General algebraUnreviewed

Computation of a Hankl determinant

by Sequoia·
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  1. 110First steps / middle schoolPremiers pas / collège
  2. 1125Beginner / high schoolDébutant / lycée
  3. 2650Intermediate / undergraduateIntermédiaire / licence
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  5. 7190Expert / specializedExpert / spécialisé
  6. 91100Research levelNiveau recherche
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English
Unreviewed. This problem has not been reviewed by trusted users yet.

The goal of this problem is to compute the determinant (1i+j1)1i,jn\displaystyle\left(\frac{1}{i+j-1}\right)_{1\leqslant i,j\leqslant n} thanks to orthogonal polynomials.
One recalls that there exists some basis (Ln)n(L_n)_n of monic polynomials from R[X]\mathbb{R}[X] such that Ln(X)=(1)nLn(X)L_n(-X)=(-1)^nL_n(X) and
n,mN,11Ln(x)Lm(x)dx=hnδn,m\forall n,m\in\mathbb{N}, \int_{-1}^1 L_n(x)\,L_m(x)\,\mathrm{d}x=h_n'\,\delta_{n,m}where δ\delta is the Kronecker symbol and hn:=22n+12n+1(n)!4(2n)!2\,h_n':=\displaystyle\frac{2^{2n+1}}{2n+1}\frac{(n)!^4}{(2n)!^2}. The polynomial LnL_n is of degree nn and is called the nn-th Legendre’s polynomial.

  1. Show that there exists another sequence (Pn)n(P_n)_n of monic real polynomial such that deg(Pn)=n\mathrm{deg}(P_n)=n and
    01Pn(x)Pm(x)dx=hnδn,m\int_{0}^1 P_n(x)\,P_m(x)\,\mathrm{d}x=h_n\,\delta_{n,m}where hn:=(n)!4(2n+1)!(2n)!h_n:=\displaystyle\frac{(n)!^4}{(2n+1)!(2n)!}. They are the polynomials we will focus on in the following.

Now we define the following Gram matrix:
G:=(01xi1xj1dx)1i,jnG:=\left(\int_{0}^{1}x^{i-1}x^{j-1}\,\mathrm{d}x\right)_{1\leqslant i,j\leqslant n}

  1. What is the relation between HH and GG ?

  2. Prove that
    det(G)=det((01Qi1(x)Qj1(x)dx)1i,jn)\mathrm{det}(G)=\mathrm{det}\left(\left(\int_{0}^{1}Q_{i-1}(x)\,Q_{j-1}(x)\,\mathrm{d}x\right)_{1\leqslant i,j\leqslant n}\right)for any sequence (Qj)j(Q_j)_j of monic polynomials such that deg(Qj)=j\mathrm{deg}(Q_j)=j.
    In particular this formula is true for Qj=PjQ_j=P_j where PjP_j are the polynomials we defined above.

  3. Use questions 1), 2) and 3) to finally find the formula :
    det(H)=i=0n1hi=k=0n1(k!)4(2k)!(2k+1)!.\displaystyle\mathrm{det}(H)=\prod_{i=0}^{n-1}h_i=\prod_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(k!)^{4}}{(2k)!(2k+1)!}.

and one can check that this formula is equivalent the one that can be found at the end of the exercice Cauchy determinantal formula.

This method, meaning the use of orthogonal polynomial theory, is in particular very solid in order to compute all (or almost) possible determinants of Hankl matrices, meaning (μi+j)1i,jn(\mu_{i+j})_{1\leqslant i,j\leqslant n} where (μn)n(\mu_n)_n represents the sequence of moments of a particular scalar product. See reference below (in french) for more details.

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References

  1. Xavier Viennot, lectures notes on orthogonal polynomials
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