Ivan Shishkin, Rye (1878)

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Field extension of R\R of odd degree

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Solution

Solution by Ancient Tree · EN

Let xx be an element of EE, and let’s show that xRx\in \R. Consider the field R(x)\R(x). We have the tower of extensions:
RR(x)E.\R \subseteq \R (x) \subseteq E.By the Tower Law, we have that:
[E:R]=[R(x):R][E:R(x)][E:\R]=[\R(x):\R][E:\R(x)]but since RE\R \subseteq E is supposed to be of odd degree, by definition, [E:R][E:\R] is odd, so both factors [R(x):R][\R(x):\R] and [E:R(x)][E:\R(x)] are odd.
Now let PP be the minimal polynomial of xx over R\R. Its degree is equal to [R(x):R][\R(x):\R]. In other words, PP is a polynomial of odd degree. According to a corollary of the Intermediate Value Theorem, this means that PP admits a real root α\alpha, hence it is divisible by (Xα)(X-\alpha) in R\R. But it was supposed to be irreducible. The only option is that P(X)=XαP(X)=X-\alpha, and so x=αx=\alpha, meaning that xx is a real number.

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