Ivan Shishkin, Rye (1878)

Problems/Real analysis

A few pleasant and delightful equivalences

by mathman·translated by visitor·
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Prove the following asymptotic equivalences:

a) ∑k=1+∞k!(2k)!x2k−1∼x→+∞π2ex24{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{+\infty}\frac{k!}{(2k)!} x^{2k-1}\underset{x \to +\infty}{\sim} \frac{\sqrt\pi}{2}e^{\frac{x²}{4}}};

b) ∫0xdta2cos⁡2(t)+b2sin⁡2(t)∼x→+∞x∣ab∣{\displaystyle\int_{0}^{x}\frac{\mathrm{dt}}{a²\cos²(t)+b²\sin²(t)}\underset{x \to+\infty}{\sim}\frac{x}{|ab|}} for ab≠0ab\neq 0;

c) ∑k=0+∞x2k∼x→1−−ln⁡(ln⁡(1/x))ln⁡(2){\displaystyle \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty}x^{2^{k}}\underset{x \to 1^{-}}{\sim}-\frac{\ln(\ln(1/x))}{\ln(2)}}.

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a) Posons S(x)=∑k≥1k!(2k)!x2k−1S(x)=\sum_{k\geq 1}\dfrac{k!}{(2k)!}x^{2k-1} pour x>0x>0, et ak=k!(2k)!a_k=\dfrac{k!}{(2k)!}.

On a
ak+1ak=k+1(2k+2)(2k+1)=12(2k+1),\frac{a_{k+1}}{a_k}=\frac{k+1}{(2k+2)(2k+1)}=\frac{1}{2(2k+1)},donc 2(2k+1)ak+1=ak2(2k+1)a_{k+1}=a_k. En multipliant par x2k+1x^{2k+1} et en sommant sur k≥1k\geq 1 :
2∑k≥1(2k+1)ak+1x2k+1=x2S(x).2\sum_{k\geq 1}(2k+1)a_{k+1}x^{2k+1}=x^2S(x).Comme ∑k≥1(2k+1)ak+1x2k=ddx(S(x)−a1x)=S′(x)−12\sum_{k\geq 1}(2k+1)a_{k+1}x^{2k}=\frac{d}{dx}\big(S(x)-a_1x\big)=S'(x)-\tfrac12, cela s’écrit
2x(S′(x)−12)=x2S(x),soitS′(x)=x2S(x)+12.2x\left(S'(x)-\tfrac12\right)=x^2S(x),\qquad\text{soit}\qquad S'(x)=\frac{x}{2}S(x)+\frac12.La substitution S(x)=ex2/4u(x)S(x)=e^{x^2/4}u(x) donne u′(x)=12e−x2/4u'(x)=\frac12 e^{-x^2/4}, et S(0)=0S(0)=0 fournit la forme close
S(x)=12ex2/4∫0xe−t2/4 dt.S(x)=\frac12 e^{x^2/4}\int_0^x e^{-t^2/4}\,dt.Quand x→+∞x\to+\infty, l’intégrale tend vers ∫0+∞e−t2/4dt=π\int_0^{+\infty}e^{-t^2/4}dt=\sqrt{\pi} (poser t=2vt=2v), d’où
S(x)∼+∞π2ex2/4.S(x)\underset{+\infty}{\sim}\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}e^{x^2/4}.

b) Soit F(x)=∫0xdta2cos⁡2t+b2sin⁡2tF(x)=\displaystyle\int_0^x \frac{dt}{a^2\cos^2 t+b^2\sin^2 t} avec ab≠0ab\neq 0. L’intégrande gg est continue, strictement positive et π\pi-périodique ; posons I=∫0πgI=\int_0^{\pi}g. En écrivant x=nπ+ρx=n\pi+\rho avec n=⌊x/π⌋n=\lfloor x/\pi\rfloor et ρ∈[0,π[\rho\in[0,\pi[, la périodicité donne
F(x)=nI+∫0ρg(t) dt,F(x)=nI+\int_0^{\rho}g(t)\,dt,le reste appartenant à [0,I][0,I]. Comme n∼x/πn\sim x/\pi et I>0I>0, on obtient F(x)∼IπxF(x)\sim \frac{I}{\pi}x.

On pose u=tan⁡tu=\tan t sur ]−π/2,π/2[]-\pi/2,\pi/2[, avec dt=du1+u2dt=\frac{du}{1+u^2} :
I=∫−π/2π/2dta2cos⁡2t+b2sin⁡2t=∫−∞+∞dua2+b2u2=π∣ab∣.I=\int_{-\pi/2}^{\pi/2}\frac{dt}{a^2\cos^2 t+b^2\sin^2 t}=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\frac{du}{a^2+b^2u^2}=\frac{\pi}{|ab|}.

Donc F(x)∼+∞x∣ab∣F(x)\underset{+\infty}{\sim}\dfrac{x}{|ab|}.

c) Soit x∈  ]0,1[x\in\;]0,1[ et S(x)=∑k≥0x2kS(x)=\sum_{k\geq 0}x^{2^k}. Posons y=ln⁡(1/x)>0y=\ln(1/x)>0, de sorte que
S(x)=∑k≥0e−2ky=:Σ(y),y→0+,S(x)=\sum_{k\geq 0}e^{-2^ky}=:\Sigma(y),\qquad y\to 0^+,et l’énoncé devient Σ(y)∼ln⁡(1/y)ln⁡2\Sigma(y)\sim \dfrac{\ln(1/y)}{\ln 2}.

Soit N=⌊log⁡2(1/y)⌋N=\big\lfloor\log_2(1/y)\big\rfloor, ainsi
∑k≥Ne−2ky≤∑j≥0e−2j≤∑j≥0e−(j+1)=1e−1,\sum_{k\geq N}e^{-2^ky}\leq\sum_{j\geq 0}e^{-2^j}\leq\sum_{j\geq 0}e^{-(j+1)}=\frac{1}{e-1},quantité bornée indépendamment de yy.

De pluus ∑k=0N−1e−2ky≤N\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}e^{-2^ky}\leq N et Σ(y)≤N+1e−1\Sigma(y)\leq N+\frac{1}{e-1}.

Fixons ε∈  ]0,1[\varepsilon\in\;]0,1[ et posons M=⌊(1−ε)N⌋M=\lfloor(1-\varepsilon)N\rfloor. Pour k≤Mk\leq M on a 2ky≤2−εN→02^ky\leq 2^{-\varepsilon N}\to 0, donc ces termes tendent uniformément vers 11 et
Σ(y)≥(M+1)e−2−εN≥(1−ε)N(1+o(1)).\Sigma(y)\geq (M+1)e^{-2^{-\varepsilon N}}\geq (1-\varepsilon)N\big(1+o(1)\big).En combinant les deux encadrements,
(1−ε)(1+o(1))≤Σ(y)N≤1+o(1),(1-\varepsilon)\big(1+o(1)\big)\leq\frac{\Sigma(y)}{N}\leq 1+o(1),et en faisant ε→0\varepsilon\to 0 il vient Σ(y)∼N\Sigma(y)\sim N.

Enfin N=⌊log⁡2(1/y)⌋∼log⁡2(1/y)N=\lfloor\log_2(1/y)\rfloor\sim\log_2(1/y), d’où
S(x)∼1−ln⁡(1/y)ln⁡2=−ln⁡(ln⁡(1/x))ln⁡2.S(x)\underset{1^-}{\sim}\frac{\ln(1/y)}{\ln 2}=-\frac{\ln\big(\ln(1/x)\big)}{\ln 2}.

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