Ivan Shishkin, Rye (1878)

Problems/General algebraUnreviewed

Polynomial equation

by Uettechat·
35
Difficulty scaleÉchelle de difficulté

This score reflects both the level of the required concepts and the difficulty of the solution.Ce score tient compte à la fois du niveau des notions nécessaires et de la difficulté de la résolution.

  1. 1–10First steps / middle schoolPremiers pas / collège
  2. 11–25Beginner / high schoolDébutant / lycée
  3. 26–50Intermediate / undergraduateIntermédiaire / licence
  4. 51–70Advanced / graduateAvancé / master
  5. 71–90Expert / specializedExpert / spécialisé
  6. 91–100Research levelNiveau recherche
These levels are approximate guides.Ces niveaux sont des repères approximatifs.
·
English
EnglishFrançais
Unreviewed. This problem has not been reviewed by trusted users yet.

Find all polynomials P∈C[X]P \in \mathbb{C}[X] such that:
P(X2)=P(X)2P(X^2) = P(X)^2

I solved itMark it doneAdd to my listKeep it in your list

Solutions

2
Reveal solutionsAre you sure? Give it a try first.

Solution by Uettechat

Discussions0 useful votes

Let P∈C[X]P \in \mathbb{C}[X] such that P(X2)=P(X)2P(X^2) = P(X)^2

  1. If P=c∈RP=c \in \mathbb{R}
    c=c2  ⟹  c(c−1)=0  ⟹  c∈{0,1}c = c^2 \implies c(c - 1) = 0 \implies c \in \{0, 1\}
  2. If PP is not constant, let n=deg⁡(P)n=\deg(P)
    We find the leading coefficient of PP:
    Let ana_n be the leading coefficient of P(X)P(X). By comparing the leading coefficients on both sides of P(X2)=P(X)2P(X^2) = P(X)^2:
    an=an2  ⟹  an∈{0,1}a_n = a_n^{2} \implies a_n \in \{0, 1\}Since deg⁡(P)=n\deg(P)=n, an≠0a_{n} \neq 0.
    Therefore, an=1a_{n}=1

With the leading coefficient known, we can write, using the Euclidean division of P(X)P(X) by XnX^n:
P(X)=Xn+R(X)where deg⁡(R)=q<nP(X) = X^n + R(X) \quad \text{where } \deg(R) = q < nSubstituting this into P(X2)=P(X)2P(X^2) = P(X)^2:
X2n+R(X2)=(Xn+R(X))2=X2n+2XnR(X)+R(X)2X^{2n} + R(X^2) = \left(X^n + R(X)\right)^2 = X^{2n} + 2X^n R(X) + R(X)^2Subtracting X2nX^{2n} from both sides gives:
R(X2)=2XnR(X)+R(X)2R(X^2) = 2X^n R(X) + R(X)^2Now, assume R≠0R \neq 0: The left-hand side has degree deg⁡(R(X2))=2q\deg\left(R(X^2)\right) = 2q. On the right-hand side, deg⁡(2XnR(X))=n+q\deg\left(2X^n R(X)\right) = n + q and deg⁡(R(X)2)=2q\deg\left(R(X)^2\right) = 2q. Since q<nq < n, we have 2q<n+q2q < n + q, so the degree of the right-hand side is strictly n+qn + q. Equating the degrees:
2q=n+q  ⟹  q=n2q = n + q \implies q = nThis contradicts the condition q<nq < n. Thus, we must have R=0R = 0, which implies P(X)=XnP(X) = X^n.

Conversely, if P=XnP=X^n, P(X2)=X2n=(Xn)2=(P(X))2P(X^2)=X^{2n}=(X^{n})^{2}=(P(X))^{2}

Conclusion: The set of all polynomial solutions in C[X]\mathbb{C}[X] is:
S={0}∪{Xn∣n∈N}\mathcal{S} = \{0\} \cup \{X^n \mid n \in \mathbb{N}\}

Solution by darktoasterFR

Discussions0 useful votes

Analyse :
Soit P∈C[X]P \in \C[X] vérifiant P(X2)=P(X)2P(X^{2}) = P(X)^{2}

On vérifie que le polynôme nul est solution puis on se place dans le cas où P≠0P \ne 0

Ils existent alors n∈Nn \in \N et P~∈C[X]\tilde{P} \in \C[X] ne s’annulant pas en 00 tels que P=XnP~P = X^{n} \tilde{P}
En injectant la nouvelle expression de PP dans l’équation de départ : (X2)nP~(X2)=(XnP~(X))2(X^{2})^{n} \tilde{P}(X^{2}) = (X^{n} \tilde{P}(X))^{2} qui se simplifie en P~(X2)=P~(X)2\tilde{P}(X^{2}) = \tilde{P}(X)^{2}.
\newline
En évaluant cette nouvelle égalité en 00 : P~(0)=P~(0)2\tilde{P}(0) = \tilde{P}(0)^{2} et en sachant que P~(0)≠0\tilde{P}(0) \ne 0 par hypothèse on a P~(0)=1\tilde{P}(0) = 1.
\newline
Supposons par l’absurde que P~−1\tilde{P} - 1 n’est pas le polynôme nul et que P~(0)=1\tilde{P}(0) = 1, ils existent donc p∈N∗p \in \N^{*} et Q∈C[X]Q \in \C[X] ne s’annulant pas en 00 tels que P~(X)−1=XpQ(X)\tilde{P}(X) - 1 = X^{p} Q(X)
\newline
En injectant la nouvelle expression de P~\tilde{P} dans l’équation de P~\tilde{P} , on a (X2)pQ(X2)+1=(XpQ(X)+1)2(X^{2})^{p} Q(X^{2}) + 1 = (X^{p} Q(X) + 1)^{2}
qui se simplifie en : X2pQ(X2)=X2pQ(X)2+2XpQ(X)X^{2p} Q(X^2) = X^{2p}Q(X)^2 + 2X^{p}Q(X)
\newline
Le membre de droite contient un monome de degré pp qui est 2Q(0)Xp2Q(0) X^{p} mais le membre de gauche a que des monomes de degrés au moins 2p2p. Ce qui est absurde. Ainsi P~−1=0\tilde P - 1 = 0 autrement dit P~=1\tilde P = 1
\newline
Ainsi P=XnP = X^{n}
\newline
Synthèse :
On vérifie que le polynôme nul est bien solution de l’équation polynomiale 0=020 = 0^{2}
Et que les monômes de degré n∈Nn \in \N sont aussi solutions, en effet (X2)n=(Xn)2(X^{2})^{n} = (X^{n})^{2}

Report

For an unclear, ambiguous, or possibly incorrect statement, please use the Discussion tab on the right. Report content that needs moderator intervention, such as dangerous, clearly non-mathematical, or plagiarized content.