Ivan Shishkin, Rye (1878)

Problems/General algebraReviewed

Finite groups with 3 conjugacy classes

by Ancient Tree·
51
Difficulty scaleÉchelle de difficulté

This score reflects both the level of the required concepts and the difficulty of the solution.Ce score tient compte à la fois du niveau des notions nécessaires et de la difficulté de la résolution.

  1. 1–10First steps / middle schoolPremiers pas / collège
  2. 11–25Beginner / high schoolDébutant / lycée
  3. 26–50Intermediate / undergraduateIntermédiaire / licence
  4. 51–70Advanced / graduateAvancé / master
  5. 71–90Expert / specializedExpert / spécialisé
  6. 91–100Research levelNiveau recherche
These levels are approximate guides.Ces niveaux sont des repères approximatifs.
·
English
EnglishFrançais

Let GG be a finite group with exactly 3 conjugacy classes. Show that GG is isomorphic to the cyclic group Z/3Z\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z} or the permutation group S3S_3.

I solved itMark it doneAdd to my listKeep it in your list

Solutions

2
Reveal solutionsAre you sure? Give it a try first.

Solution by Sequoia

Discussions0 useful votes

Let GG act on X:=GX:=G by conjugation, that is via the action (g,x)∈G×X⟼g⋅x=gxg−1∈G(g,x)\in G\times X\longmapsto g\cdot x=gxg^{-1}\in G.

Thus the orbit of xx under this action is Ox:={gxg−1,g∈G}O_x:=\{gxg^{-1}, g\in G\}, i.e., the conjugacy class of xx, and its stabilizer is Stab(x):={g∈G/gxg−1=x}Stab(x):=\{g\in G/ gxg^{-1}=x\}, i.e., the set of elements that commute with xx.

We know that the set of orbits forms a partition of XX, that is, there exist x1,…,xr∈Xx_1,\dots,x_r\in X such that X=⨆i=1rOxiX=\bigsqcup_{i=1}^r O_{x_i}. But there are only three conjugacy classes here, so r=3r=3. Also, one of these classes contains the identity element ee, whose orbit is reduced to itself since it commutes with everyone. We thus have the equality X={e}⊔Ox⊔OyX=\{e\}\sqcup O_x\sqcup O_y for some x,y∈Xx,y\in X.

Let us now consider cardinalities: we find #G=1+#Ox+#Oy\#G=1+\#O_x+\#O_y. But the cardinalities #Ox\#O_x and #Oy\#O_y can also be written as #G#Stab(x)\frac{\#G}{\#Stab(x)} (samely for yy), so we finally obtain
#G=1+#G(1#Stab(x)+1#Stab(y)).\#G=1+\#G\left(\frac{1}{\#Stab(x)}+\frac{1}{\#Stab(y)}\right).

Which can be rewritten as
#Stab(x)⋅#Stab(y)⋅(#G−1)=#G⋅(#Stab(x)+#Stab(y))\#Stab(x)\cdot\#Stab(y)\cdot(\#G-1)=\#G\cdot(\#Stab(x)+\#Stab(y))But since #G\#G and #G−1\#G-1 have gcd 11, then #G−1\#G-1 divides #Stab(x)+#Stab(y)\#Stab(x)+\#Stab(y). However Stab(x)Stab(x) and Stab(y)Stab(y) are subgroups of GG. Say that one of them equal GG, then #G−1\#G-1 divides the cardinality of the other one minus one, and so it also has to equal GG. But Stab(x)=GStab(x)=G iff xx commutes with any element of GG and samely for yy. Hence G=Z/3ZG=\Z/3\Z.

Now assume that both Stab(x)Stab(x) and Stab(x)Stab(x) do not equal GG. Then, by Lagrange formula, their cardinal has to be less than or equal to #G2\frac{\#G}{2}, so their sum has to be less than #G\#G and is a multiple of #G−1\#G-1. Hence it has to equal #G−1\#G-1.
Finally one gets the two equations:
#G−1=#Stab(x)+#Stab(y)  and  #G=#Stab(x)⋅#Stab(y).\#G-1=\#Stab(x)+\#Stab(y)\,\,\text{and}\,\,\#G=\#Stab(x)\cdot\#Stab(y).

Since we know that e∈Stab(x)∩Stab(y)e\in Stab(x)\cap Stab(y), let us write a:=#Stab(x)−1a:=\#Stab(x)-1 and b:=#Stab(y)−1b:=\#Stab(y)-1, which gives a+b=#G−3a+b=\#G-3 and 2=ab2=ab. Hence, without loss of generality, one deduces that a=2a=2 and b=1b=1 hence #Stab(x)=3,#Stab(y)=2\#Stab(x)=3,\#Stab(y)=2 and #G=6\#G=6.

Finally, there exists only one non-abelian group of order 66 (it has to be non-abelian to have only 33 conjugacy classes), which is S3S_3. This concludes the proof.

Solution by visitorFR

Discussions0 useful votes
Solution par les sous-groupes distingués

Observation initiale. Un sous-groupe distingué de GG est une réunion de classes de conjugaison contenant ee. Comme GG n’a que trois classes, G={e}⊔A⊔BG=\{e\}\sqcup A\sqcup B, il n’y a que quatre sous-groupes distingués possibles :
{e},{e}∪A,{e}∪B,G.\{e\},\qquad \{e\}\cup A,\qquad \{e\}\cup B,\qquad G.

Cas abélien. Si GG est abélien, chaque classe est un singleton, donc ∣G∣=3|G|=3 et G≃Z/3ZG\simeq\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z}.

Cas non abélien. Supposons GG non abélien : son groupe dérivé G′G' est distingué et non trivial. Montrons d’abord que G′≠GG'\neq G. Si G′=GG'=G, le groupe GG n’a aucun quotient abélien non trivial ; on écarte ce cas à la fin.

Supposons donc {e}≠G′≠G\{e\}\neq G'\neq G. Quitte à échanger les noms, G′={e}∪AG'=\{e\}\cup A. Le quotient G/G′G/G' est abélien, et l’image de BB y forme une seule classe : G/G′G/G' a exactement deux éléments, donc
∣G/G′∣=2,∣G′∣=∣G∣2=1+∣A∣.|G/G'|=2,\qquad |G'|=\frac{|G|}{2}=1+|A|.Or ∣A∣|A| divise ∣G∣=2∣A∣+2|G|=2|A|+2, donc ∣A∣|A| divise 22.

  • Si ∣A∣=1|A|=1, alors ∣G∣=4|G|=4 : tout groupe d’ordre 44 est abélien, contradiction.
  • Si ∣A∣=2|A|=2, alors ∣G∣=6|G|=6 et ∣G′∣=3|G'|=3, donc G′≃Z/3ZG'\simeq\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z}.

Identification. On a G′⊴GG'\trianglelefteq G d’indice 22, engendré par un élément aa d’ordre 33. Soit b∈G∖G′b\in G\setminus G' ; son image dans G/G′G/G' est d’ordre 22, donc b2∈G′b^{2}\in G'. Si b2≠eb^{2}\neq e, alors bb serait d’ordre 66 et GG cyclique donc abélien : ainsi b2=eb^{2}=e. Enfin bab−1∈G′bab^{-1}\in G' est d’ordre 33, donc vaut aa ou a2a^{2} ; le premier cas rendrait GG abélien. D’où
G=⟨a,b⟩,a3=b2=e,bab−1=a2,G=\langle a,b\rangle,\qquad a^{3}=b^{2}=e,\qquad bab^{-1}=a^{2},c’est une présentation de S3\mathfrak{S}_3, donc G≃S3G\simeq\mathfrak{S}_3.

Le cas parfait. Reste à écarter G′=GG'=G. L’équation aux classes donne ∣G∣=1+∣A∣+∣B∣|G|=1+|A|+|B| avec ∣A∣,∣B∣|A|,|B| divisant ∣G∣|G|, donc
1=1∣G∣+1c1+1c2,ci=∣G∣∣A∣, ∣G∣∣B∣ ⩾2.1=\frac{1}{|G|}+\frac{1}{c_1}+\frac{1}{c_2},\qquad c_i=\frac{|G|}{|A|},\ \frac{|G|}{|B|}\ \geqslant 2 .Le plus grand des trois termes vaut au moins 13\frac13, donc min⁡(c1,c2)⩽3\min(c_1,c_2)\leqslant 3. Si ce minimum vaut 22, on obtient 1∣G∣+1c=12\frac{1}{|G|}+\frac{1}{c}=\frac12 avec c∣∣G∣c\mid|G|, d’où ∣G∣=6|G|=6 ; si le minimum vaut 33, alors 1∣G∣+1c=23\frac{1}{|G|}+\frac{1}{c}=\frac23 avec c⩾3c\geqslant 3, d’où ∣G∣=3|G|=3. Dans les deux cas GG admet un quotient abélien non trivial, donc G′≠GG'\neq G. ■\blacksquare

Report

For an unclear, ambiguous, or possibly incorrect statement, please use the Discussion tab on the right. Report content that needs moderator intervention, such as dangerous, clearly non-mathematical, or plagiarized content.